A pause, in which the parties stop a meeting or process and reestablish safety before taking any other step
Private coaching, in which a trained person helps one party think through that party’s goals and options
Facilitated dialogue, a structured conversation among the parties led by an impartial facilitator. See dialogue in practice.
Mediation, in which the parties reach their own agreement while a neutral third party manages the process, or arbitration, in which the third party decides (Moore, 2014)
Restorative practices, including community building to prevent harm, improve systems that create negative conditions, and even restorative conferences in which the people affected by a harm meet to name the harm and decide together how to repair it (Zehr, 2002)
Trusted messengers/shuttle talks, people whom one or more parties find credible and who relay questions and messages while the parties cannot yet speak directly (Wehr & Lederach, 1991)
Shared agreements, made in calm periods, about how a group will handle its disputes. See clear classroom expectation setting.
Structural change, meaning reorganized work or reassigned duties, so that the parties no longer depend on each other
Public education, meaning briefings, workshops, and forums that establish the local facts of a dispute and identify who is affected
Inducements, meaning that one party finds out what the other party needs and provides some of it (Fisher & Ury, 1981)

A Constellation of Higher Education Topics